Adapter Model
Adapter Model
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US $8.95
Adaptive Business Intelligence
Adaptive business intelligence
Adaptive behavior is a type of behavior that is used to adjust to another type of behavior or situation. This is often characterized by a kind of behavior that allows an individual to change an unconstructive or disruptive behavior to something more constructive. These behaviors are most often social or personal behaviors. For example, a constant repetitive action could be re-focused on something that creates or builds something. In other words, the behavior can be adapted to something else.
Groups of humans or animals often make decisions collectively without any central control or coordination. The paradigmatic example of self-organized groups are colonies of social insects, such as ants and bees, whose strikingly organized and seemingly purposeful behavior at the group level is organized without any central master plan. Their complex behavior at the colony level emerges from simple interactions between myriads of individuals that only process local information. Such decentralized coordination exhibits a number of properties that are highly desirable in technical applications, specifically robustness, adaptiveness, and parallelism. Hence, social insect behavior has been used as an inspiration for a wide range of engineering tasks.
Despite the central importance of self-organized decision-making for many natural and technical systems, the theoretical understanding of its fundamental properties is still in its infancy. A core problem is that there is very little insight into how self-organized processes work in dynamic environments. Most research addresses only static conditions. Yet, being able to adapt in dynamic environments on all timescales is crucial for almost all natural systems and for many engineering artifacts using similar organizational principles.
Foraging in mass-recruiting ant species is arguably the best-understood form of self-organized behavior, and detailed knowledge about different forms of organization as well as quantitative and qualitative mathematical models are available. However, until recently this research has focused almost entirely on static environments where the available resources are constant. The conventional wisdom is that the ability of ants to adapt to a changing environment is generally very limited, and this is in agreement with the predictions of existing mathematical models. Recently new experiments with dynamic environments have started to cast some doubt on the scope of these models. These new experiments clearly demonstrate that at least some mass recruiting ant species can be flexible and quickly adapt their foraging behavior to environmental changes.
Since the computer age dawned on humanity, one of the most important areas in information technology has been that of decision support. Today, this area is more important than ever. Working in dynamic and ever-changing environments, modern-day managers are responsible for an assortment of far-reaching decisions.
Should the company increase or decrease its workforce? Enter new markets? Develop new products? Invest in research and development? The list goes on. However, despite the inherent complexity of these issues and the ever increasing load of information that business managers must deal with, these entire decisions boil down to two fundamental questions.
• What is likely to happen in the future?
• What is the best decision right now?
Whether we realize it or not, these two questions pervade our everyday lives –both on a personal and professional level. When driving to work, for instance, we have to make a traffic prediction before we can choose the quickest driving route.
At work, we need to predict the demand for our product before we can decide how much to produce. In addition, before investing in a foreign market, we need to predict future exchange rates and economic variables. It seems that regardless of the decision being made or its complexity, we first need to make a prediction of what is likely to happen in the future, and then make the best decision based on that prediction.
This fundamental process underpins the basic premise of adaptive business intelligence.
Simply put, adaptive business intelligence is the discipline of combining prediction, optimization, and adaptability into a system capable of answering these two fundamental questions: what is likely to happen in the future? In addition, what is the best decision right now? To build such a system, we first need to understand the methods and techniques that enable prediction, optimization, and adaptability. At first blush, this subject matter is nothing new, as hundreds of books have already been written on business intelligence, data mining and prediction methods, optimization techniques and so forth. However, none of these books has explained how to combine these various technologies into a software system that is capable of predicting, optimizing, and adapting.
Adaptive business intelligence has important objectives, which are to explain why the future of the business intelligence industry lies in systems that can make decisions, rather than tools that produce detailed reports. As most business managers now realize, there is a world of difference between having good knowledge and detailed reports, and making smart decisions. Michael Kahn, a technology reporter for Reuters in San Francisco, makes a valid point in the January 16, 2006 story entitled business intelligence software looks to future.
But analysts say applications that actually answer questions rather than just present mounds of data is the key driver of a market set to grow 10 per cent in 2006 or about twice the rate of the business software industry in general. Increasingly you are seeing applications being developed that will result in some sort of action, said Brendan barnacle, an analyst at pacific crest equities. It is a relatively small part now, but it is clearly, where the future is. That is the next stage of business intelligence.
Second objectives are to explain the principles behind many prediction methods and optimization techniques in simple terms, so that any business manager could grasp them. Even though most business managers have a limited technology background, they should not be intimidated by terms such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, evolutionary algorithms, ant systems, or agent-based modeling. They should understand the strengths and weaknesses of these methods and techniques, their operating principles, and applicability. Armed with such knowledge, business managers will be in a better position to control the application of these methods and techniques in their respective organizations.
Moreover, we underscore the enormous applicability of adaptive business intelligence to many real-world business problems, ranging from demand forecasting and scheduling, to fraud detection and investment strategies.
From a high-level perspective, most of these business problems have similar characteristics, and the application of adaptive business intelligence can provide significant benefits and savings.
"like all holmes's reasoning, the thing seemed simplicity itself when it was once explained."
The stockbroker's clerk
"before turning to … matter which present the greatest difficulties, let the inquirer begin by mastering more elementary problems."
"The answer to problem is hidden in my data… but i cannot dig it up!" This popular statement has been around for years as business managers gathered and stored massive amounts of data in the belief that they contain some valuable insight.
But business managers eventually discovered that raw data are rarely of any benefit, and that their real value depends on an organization's ability to analyze them. Hence, the need emerged for software systems capable of retrieving, summarizing, and interpreting data for end-users.
This need fueled the emergence of hundreds of business intelligence companies that specialized in providing software systems and services for extracting knowledge from raw data. These software systems would analyze a company's operational data and provide knowledge in the form of tables, graphs, pies, charts, and other statistics. For example, a business intelligence report may state that 57% of customers are between the ages of 40 and 50, or that product x sells much better in Florida than in georgia.
Consequently, the general goal of most business intelligence systems was to:(1) access data from a variety of different sources; (2) transform these data into information, and then into knowledge; and (3) provide an easy-to-use graphical interface to display this knowledge. In other words, a business intelligence system was responsible for collecting and digesting data, and presenting knowledge in a friendly way (thus enhancing the end user's ability to make good decisions).
Note that business intelligence can be defined as both a state (a report that contains knowledge) and a process (software responsible for converting data into knowledge).
Although different texts have illustrated the relationship between data and knowledge in different ways, the distinction between data, information, and knowledge is quite clear:
• Data are collected on a daily basis in the form of bits, numbers, symbols, and objects.
• Information is organized data, which are preprocessed, cleaned, arranged into
Structures, and stripped of redundancy.
• Knowledge is integrated information, which includes facts and relationships
That have been perceived, discovered, or learned.
Because knowledge is such an essential component of any decision-making process (as the old saying goes, "knowledge is power!"), many businesses have viewed knowledge as the final objective. However, it seems that knowledge is no longer enough. A business may know a lot about its customers – it may have hundreds of charts and graphs that organize its customers by age, preferences, geographical location, and sales history – but management may still be unsure of what decision to make! In addition, here lies the difference between decision support and decision-making, not all the knowledge in the world will guarantee the right or best decision.
Moreover, recent research in psychology indicates that widely held beliefs can actually hamper the decision-making process. For example, common beliefs like the more knowledge we have, the better our decisions will be," or "we can distinguish
Between useful and irrelevant knowledge, are not supported by empirical evidence. Having more knowledge merely increases our confidence, but it does not improve the accuracy of our decisions. Similarly, people supplied with "good" and "bad" knowledge often have trouble distinguishing between the two, proving that irrelevant knowledge decreases our decision-making effectiveness.
Today, most business managers realize that a gap exists between having the right knowledge and making the right decision. Because this gap affects management's ability to answer fundamental business questions (such as "what should be done to increase profits? Reduce costs? Or increase market share?"), the future of business intelligence lies in systems that can provide answers and recommendations, rather than mounds of knowledge in the form of reports. The future of business intelligence lies in systems that can make decisions! As a result, there is a new trend emerging in the marketplace called adaptive business intelligence.
In addition to performing the role of traditional business intelligence (transforming data into knowledge), adaptive business intelligence also includes the decision making process, which is based on prediction and optimization:
While business intelligence is often defined as "a broad category of application programs and technologies for gathering, storing, analyzing, and providing access to data," the term adaptive business intelligence can be defined as "the discipline of using prediction and optimization techniques to build self-learning ‘decisioning' systems" (as the above diagram shows). Adaptive business intelligence systems include elements of data mining, predictive modeling, forecasting, optimization, and adaptability, and are used by business managers to make better decisions.
This relatively new approach to business intelligence is capable of recommending the best course of action (based on past data), but it does so in a very special way: an adaptive business intelligence system incorporates prediction and optimization modules to recommend near-optimal decisions, and an "adaptability module" for improving future recommendations. Such systems can help business managers make decisions that increase efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. Furthermore, the importance of adaptability cannot be overemphasized. After all, what is the point of using a software system that produces sub par schedules, inaccurate demand forecasts, and inferior logistic plans, time after time? Would it not be wonderful to use a software system that could adapt to changes in the marketplace? A software system that could improve with time?
The concept of adaptability is certainly gaining popularity, and not just in the software sector. Adaptability has already been introduced in everything from automatic car transmissions (which adapt their gear-change patterns to a driver's driving style), to running shoes (which adapt their cushioning level to a runner's size and stride), to internet search engines (which adapt their search results to user's preferences and prior search history. These products are very appealing for individual consumers, because, despite their mass production, they are capable of adapting to the preferences of each unique owner after some period.
The growing popularity of adaptability is also underscored by a recent publication of the US department of defense. This lists 19 important research topics for the next decade and many of them include the term "adaptive": adaptive coordinated control in the multi-agent 3d dynamic battlefield, control for adaptive and cooperative systems, adaptive system interoperability, adaptive materials for energy-absorbing structures, and complex adaptive networks for cooperative control.
For sure, adaptability is here to stay. It is a vital component of any intelligent system, as it is hard to argue that a system is "intelligent" if it does not have the capacity to adapt. Moreover, modern definitions of natural and artificial intelligence include the term "adaptive". For humans, the importance of adaptability is obvious: our ability to adapt was a key element in the evolutionary process. In the case of artificial intelligence, consider a chess program capable of beating the
World chess master: should we call this program intelligent? Probably not. We can attribute the program's performance to its ability to evaluate the current board situation against a multitude of possible "future boards" before selecting the best move. However, because the program cannot learn or adapt to new rules, the program will lose its effectiveness if the rules of the game are changed or modified. Consequently, because the program is incapable of learning or adapting to new rules, the program is not intelligent.
The same holds true for any expert system. No one questions the usefulness of expert systems in some environments (which are usually well defined and static), but expert systems that are incapable of learning and adapting should not be called intelligent! Some expert knowledge was programmed in, that is all.
It is not surprising that the fundamental components of adaptive business intelligence are already emerging in other areas of business. For example, the six-sigma methodology is a great example of a well-structured, data-driven methodology for eliminating defects, waste, and quality control problems in many industries. This methodology recommends the sequence of steps:Define,measure,analyse,improve,control
Note that the above sequence is very close in spirit to part of the previous diagram, as it describes (in more detail) the adaptability control loop. Clearly, we have to measure, analyze, and improve, as we operate in a dynamic environment, so the process of improvement is continuous. The SAS institute proposes another methodology, which is more oriented towards data mining activities. Their methodology recommends the following sequence of steps: sample,explore,modify,model, asses.
it describes (in more detail) the transformation from data to knowledge. It ‘is not surprising that businesses are placing considerable emphasis on these areas, because better decisions usually translate into better financial performance. Better financial performance is what adaptive business intelligence means. Systems based on adaptive business intelligence aim at solving real-world business problems that have complex constraints, are set in time-changing environments have several conflicting objectives and where the number of possible solutions is too large to enumerate. Solving these problems requires a system that incorporates modules for prediction, optimization, and adaptability.
About the Author
Mr. JagS is a consummate technically sophisticated senior management professional with experience of 16 years in the information and communication technology industry. Mr.Jag.S has worked as senior project manager, project manager, project leader, technical architect, and systems engineer in various global IT organizations for almost two decades. Mr. Jag.S has comprehensive IT industry domain expertise in banking, financial services, manufacturing, aviation, health care-insurance, and contract management domain. Mr. Jag.S is a post-graduate in management Mr.Jag.S has presented technical papers in technology symposiums in Universities Mr. Jag.S is involved in executing reflective research into technological, social, and business trends to support strategic thinking and decisions. He also leads the effort focused on connected economy and the applications of complexity science to business. Mr. Jag.S has published various articles in management, leadership and internet technologies
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Konexx Model 100 Phone Adapter 3.5mm (M) RJ-9 (M) White 10000 $54.62 Konexx Model 100 Phone Adapter 3.5mm (M) RJ-9 (M) White 10000 |
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